Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative animal proteins both for human consumption and feed production.
Additionally, the animal feed industry is seeking for new protein sources to reduce the dependence and reliance of livestock production on soybean meal and fishmeal, which are the main ingredients for animal feed. However, the capabilities to increase animal protein production through the further intensification of the traditional livestock production systems are rather marginal, as this would trade-off with adverse environmental impacts, i.e., effect on climate change through greenhouse gas emissions, extensive land use for livestock farming and deforestation, as well as extensive water usage and pollution ( Steinfeld et al. Indicatively, the per capita meat consumption is expected to increase >1 kg retail weight equivalent by 2027 at a global level ( OECD-FAO 2018), while this increase will be more vigorous in developing countries where the per capita consumption of animal protein will rise by 22% by 2030 and 25% by 2050 ( FAO/WHO 2017). In a steadily increasing world population that is projected to get near to 10 billion by 2050, the demand for animal protein will continue to grow over the years to come ( Boland et al. morio appears to be a well-promising insect-based protein source, which potential still remains to be unfold. This review aims to summarize the available data and underline data gaps for future research, toward the potential of the utilization of Z. morio can be a viable waste management agent. Additional data illustrate its potential for use in poultry, indicating that this species provides comparable results with those of other insect species that are used in feed. The inclusion of this species in aquafeed has provided promising results in a wide range of feeding trials, both in terms of fish development and health. morio can be a valuable nutrient and antimicrobial source that could be utilized further in insect-based feed and food production. We illustrate certain basic characteristics of the morphology and bio-ecology of this species, which is marginally considered as a ‘pest’ in durable amylaceous commodities. The aim of this review is to compile up-to-date information on the superworm, Zophobas morio (F.), regarding its biology and ecology, but also its further potential for use as a nutrient source for food and feed.
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